程瑜

安(an)科瑞電氣股份(fen)有限公(gong)司 上海嘉定 201801

摘要：介紹(shao)了電弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)的組成(cheng),對火力發(fa)電廠高壓(ya)廠用電系統(tong)保(bao)護(hu)的現(xian)狀及存在的不足進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了分析(xi),以一個典型的2×300MW火力發(fa)電廠工程為例,討論了高壓(ya)廠用電系統(tong)電弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)的設計應(ying)用方案(an),對電弧(hu)光(guang)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)的應(ying)用前景進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了展望。

關鍵詞：電弧光保護(hu)；高壓廠用電系(xi)統；應(ying)用

0引言

隨著我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)特(te)高(gao)壓、大電(dian)(dian)網(wang)發展的不(bu)斷深化(hua),對于發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)、可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)運(yun)行(xing)的要(yao)求不(bu)斷提高(gao)。作為電(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的主要(yao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),火力(li)發電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)的安(an)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)直接影響電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的安(an)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)。高(gao)壓廠(chang)(chang)用電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的安(an)全(quan)(quan)運(yun)行(xing)直接關系(xi)到整個(ge)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)的安(an)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing),因此,高(gao)壓廠(chang)(chang)用電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的保護(hu)顯得至(zhi)關重要(yao)。

按照我國現行的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)和繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護設計規程規范,高(gao)壓廠用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)一般不(bu)(bu)配置(zhi)快速母線(xian)保(bao)(bao)護,而(er)是由上元(yuan)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)后備保(bao)(bao)護來切除母線(xian)短路故(gu)障(zhang)。此種配置(zhi)導致故(gu)障(zhang)切除時(shi)間延長(chang),加大了(le)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)損害。近年來,隨著(zhu)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)短路電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷增長(chang),由于廠用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)短路故(gu)障(zhang)切除不(bu)(bu)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)弧光對設備及(ji)(ji)人員造成(cheng)傷害的(de)(de)(de)(de)事故(gu)時(shi)有(you)發生,為防止該問題(ti)而(er)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)弧光保(bao)(bao)護系統(tong)(tong)(tong)在火電(dian)(dian)廠中(zhong)也有(you)了(le)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。本文主要從電(dian)(dian)弧光保(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)原理、構成(cheng)及(ji)(ji)其在火電(dian)(dian)廠高(gao)壓系統(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)方案出發,對該保(bao)(bao)護系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)進行探討(tao)。

1火力發電廠高壓(ya)廠用(yong)電系(xi)統的保(bao)護現狀

根據GB/T14285—2006《繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護和(he)(he)安全自(zi)動裝置技(ji)術(shu)規程》和(he)(he)DL/T5153—2002《火(huo)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠廠用電(dian)(dian)設計技(ji)術(shu)規定》,針對高壓廠用電(dian)(dian)源及母線故障的保(bao)護配(pei)置一般為(wei):

1. 相(xiang)間短路故障(zhang)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)。廠用(yong)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)裝設過電流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu),用(yong)于保(bao)護(hu)(hu)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)及(ji)相(xiang)鄰元件的相(xiang)間短路故障(zhang),保(bao)護(hu)(hu)裝于變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)電源側;在二(er)次側(3kV,6kV,10kV)母線(xian)斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)上裝設電流(liu)速斷(duan)(duan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu),帶時限動作(zuo)于該分支斷(duan)(duan)路器(qi)。

2. 單(dan)相接地(di)故障保(bao)護。300MW機(ji)組高(gao)壓廠(chang)用電(dian)源(yuan)多為低(di)電(dian)阻接地(di)系統(tong),其廠(chang)用母線和廠(chang)用電(dian)源(yuan)回(hui)路的單(dan)相接地(di)保(bao)護由接于(yu)電(dian)源(yuan)變壓器(qi)中性點的電(dian)阻取得零(ling)序電(dian)流來實現,保(bao)護動作后帶時限(xian)切除該(gai)回(hui)路斷路器(qi)。

綜(zong)上所述,高壓廠用母線(xian)不配(pei)置快速母線(xian)保護,而是由(you)上元件(jian)的后備保護來(lai)切除母線(xian)短路故障,故障切除時(shi)間延長。

2電弧(hu)危(wei)害(hai)和電弧(hu)光保護的原理

2.1電弧造成的(de)危害

高壓開關(guan)柜內斷(duan)路(lu)器設備發生短路(lu)時產生的(de)電(dian)弧(hu)使開關(guan)柜內的(de)溫度、壓力迅速(su)上升,從而造(zao)成重大危害。

(1)電弧溫度高(gao),由于過熱造成母(mu)線銅排、鋁排熔毀,電纜(lan)熔毀,電纜(lan)絕緣層(ceng)著火(huo),嚴重時引(yin)發配(pei)電室或電纜(lan)溝火(huo)災。

(2)壓力、溫度(du)劇增造成(cheng)開關設備爆炸。

(3)碎片飛射(she)、高溫(wen)、強光、有(you)害氣體(ti)、爆(bao)炸音等造成(cheng)人員傷害。

(4)由于弧(hu)光引起事(shi)故擴大,會造成更大面積的停(ting)電和火災事(shi)故,導致停(ting)機或(huo)全廠(chang)停(ting)電。

2.2電弧光保護的(de)原理

電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)系統主要是(shi)基于弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)增量(liang)動(dong)作判據(ju),并輔(fu)以(yi)電(dian)流增量(liang)動(dong)作判據(ju),當(dang)2個判據(ju)均發出(chu)跳(tiao)閘令時,動(dong)作跳(tiao)閘。電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)系統主要由(you)2部分(fen)組(zu)成:弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)和(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)主單(dan)元。弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)分(fen)散布(bu)置在高壓開關(guan)柜(ju)內(nei)的(de)(de)母線室和(he)斷路器(qi)室內(nei);控制(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)元集(ji)中布(bu)置在電(dian)源柜(ju)內(nei),采(cai)集(ji)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)及電(dian)流傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)(de)動(dong)作數據(ju),實(shi)現控制(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)邏輯(ji)及跳(tiao)閘輸出(chu)。電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)系統的(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)切(qie)除總(zong)時間(jian)為80～100ms,可避免(mian)設備(bei)受電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)危害(hai)而損(sun)壞。

2.3電弧(hu)光保護(hu)的特點(dian)

電(dian)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)保(bao)護(hu)采(cai)用(yong)弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)作(zuo)為(wei)故障主判據并采(cai)用(yong)過電(dian)流(liu)作(zuo)為(wei)閉鎖條件,原理簡(jian)單,同時也(ye)保(bao)證了可(ke)靠性。另(ling)外,該整(zheng)套保(bao)護(hu)系統(tong)具有較好的(de)速(su)動(dong)性,可(ke)快速(su)切除高壓廠用(yong)母線的(de)短路(lu)故障,防止設備損壞和人(ren)員損傷。由于弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)傳感(gan)器(qi)定值的(de)整(zheng)定無成熟(shu)的(de)規范依據,因此,該保(bao)護(hu)系統(tong)需(xu)要更多的(de)運行經驗(yan),弧(hu)光(guang)(guang)傳感(gan)器(qi)的(de)元件質量也(ye)直接影響保(bao)護(hu)系統(tong)的(de)性能(neng)。

3電弧光保護系(xi)統的(de)構(gou)成

電弧光保護系(xi)統的構成如圖1所示(shi),該系(xi)統一(yi)般包含4個(ge)部(bu)分。

圖1電(dian)弧(hu)光保護系統構成示意圖

(1)控制保護主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單元。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單元包含電流(liu)檢測和控制保護功(gong)能(neng),通過分析處理(li)電流(liu)檢測數據(ju)和來自弧(hu)光傳(chuan)感(gan)器的動(dong)作信息(xi)(xi),在滿(man)足跳閘條(tiao)件時(shi),發跳閘令切除故障。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單元一般具有(you)斷(duan)路(lu)器失(shi)靈保護功(gong)能(neng),在進線斷(duan)路(lu)器不(bu)能(neng)切除故障時(shi),啟動(dong)失(shi)靈保護邏輯,跳上(shang)斷(duan)路(lu)器。此外,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單元還應具有(you)數據(ju)傳(chuan)輸、故障信息(xi)(xi)上(shang)傳(chuan)、就地(di)顯示等功(gong)能(neng)。

(2)弧光傳(chuan)感器。弧光傳(chuan)感器分散(san)安裝(zhuang)于開關柜母線室(shi)和斷路器室(shi)內,作(zuo)為光感應元件,應檢(jian)測在(zai)故障中增強(qiang)的光強(qiang)并將光信號轉換為電信號傳(chuan)送給輔助單元。

(3)輔助(zhu)單元。輔助(zhu)單元分散安裝在開關柜內,收集來自弧光傳(chuan)(chuan)感器的(de)故(gu)障動作信息并(bing)匯總上傳(chuan)(chuan)給主(zhu)單元。每個(ge)輔助(zhu)單元可接入多個(ge)弧光傳(chuan)(chuan)感器。

(4)輔助元件有通信電(dian)纜等,主要用于聯結(jie)以上3部(bu)分設備,共(gong)同組成完整的電(dian)弧光保護系(xi)統(tong)。

4高(gao)壓廠用電系(xi)統電弧光(guang)保護典型方案

在典型(xing)的2×300MW火(huo)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)廠工(gong)程中,每臺機組設(she)(she)1臺高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)廠用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)作(zuo)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)和2段高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)廠用(yong)(yong)(yong)母線。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)廠用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)作(zuo)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)側采用(yong)(yong)(yong)雙分(fen)裂繞組,2個繞組分(fen)別(bie)接入(ru)對應的高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)母線段,高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)母線備用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)源引自(zi)全廠公(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的啟動備用(yong)(yong)(yong)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)。下面(mian)介紹一種應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)上述工(gong)程條件的高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)廠用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)弧光保護(hu)的典型(xing)設(she)(she)計方案。

4.1主單元的配置

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧光保(bao)護(hu)系統及主單元按高(gao)壓廠(chang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)母(mu)線(xian)段配(pei)置,即每段高(gao)壓廠(chang)用(yong)母(mu)線(xian)配(pei)置1套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧光保(bao)護(hu)系統。在工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源進(jin)線(xian)開關柜配(pei)置1臺(tai)主單元,用(yong)于(yu)工作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)線(xian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流檢(jian)測和整個系統的控制(zhi)保(bao)護(hu);同時,在備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源進(jin)線(xian)柜配(pei)置1臺(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流輔助(zhu)單元,用(yong)于(yu)備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源進(jin)線(xian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流檢(jian)測。

4.2弧光傳感器的配置

在(zai)每面高壓開(kai)關(guan)柜(ju)的母(mu)線室(shi)和斷(duan)路器室(shi)分別配置弧(hu)光傳(chuan)感器,用(yong)于檢測開(kai)關(guan)柜(ju)在(zai)故障時的增強光強。也可根據(ju)技術經(jing)濟分析,僅(jin)在(zai)母(mu)線室(shi)配置弧(hu)光傳(chuan)感器。

4.3輔助單元的配置

單(dan)(dan)臺輔助單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)可接(jie)入多臺弧(hu)光傳感器(qi),因此,輔助單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)配置(zhi)(zhi)數量根(gen)據實際(ji)選用(yong)的(de)弧(hu)光保(bao)護裝置(zhi)(zhi)輔助單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)接(jie)入能力確定。應保(bao)證電弧(hu)光傳感器(qi)的(de)接(jie)線距離短,8～10面開關柜設置(zhi)(zhi)1臺輔助單(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)。

4.4保護跳閘出口

按母(mu)(mu)線段配置的電弧(hu)光(guang)保護系統,當(dang)弧(hu)光(guang)判據和(he)電流判據均(jun)滿足動作(zuo)條件時,應(ying)發跳閘令動作(zuo)于(yu)該母(mu)(mu)線段工作(zuo)電源(yuan)進線斷(duan)(duan)路器和(he)備用電源(yuan)進線斷(duan)(duan)路器跳閘。是否投(tou)入斷(duan)(duan)路器失(shi)靈功能(neng),需根據系統條件和(he)電弧(hu)光(guang)故障(zhang)情況綜合分析確定。

5安科瑞ARB5-M弧光保護產品選(xuan)型說明

ARB5-弧光主控單(dan)元

（1）＊表示可選附件(jian)，需要另外增加費用1500元。

（2）主控(kong)板(ban)和(he)采(cai)集板(ban)數量之和(he)不能大(da)于4。

（3）弧光探(tan)頭到采集板的(de)長度不(bu)能超過(guo)20米。

（4）如有特(te)殊要求，請(qing)特(te)別注明。

6安(an)科瑞ARB5-M弧(hu)光保護(hu)產品功能和技術(shu)參數

7安科瑞(rui)ARB5-M弧光保護產品現場安裝

弧光保護主控單(dan)元、探頭安裝圖(tu)如下(xia)。

8結束語

電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光保(bao)護(hu)作為一種(zhong)原理簡(jian)單(dan)、速動性好(hao)(hao)的新型保(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),為火力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)高壓(ya)(ya)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)母線(xian)故障(zhang)保(bao)護(hu),減少設備損(sun)壞和(he)人(ren)員(yuan)損(sun)傷,提供(gong)了一種(zhong)良好(hao)(hao)的途(tu)徑(jing)。目(mu)前,在(zai)渭河電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)2×300MW工(gong)程(cheng)、灞橋電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)2×300MW工(gong)程(cheng)等項目(mu)的高壓(ya)(ya)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光保(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)已(yi)得到了應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong),至今運行情況(kuang)良好(hao)(hao)。今后(hou)的工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)中(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)光保(bao)護(hu)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在(zai)火力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)廠(chang)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)必(bi)將更加(jia)(jia)廣(guang)泛(fan),隨著(zhu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)實例的不斷增加(jia)(jia),其運行整定也將更加(jia)(jia)完(wan)善和(he)成熟。

參考文獻：

1. 鄒瑄.電弧光(guang)保護在火(huo)電廠高壓廠用電系統中(zhong)的應(ying)用．

[2] 安(an)科瑞企(qi)業微電(dian)網設計與應用手冊2022.5（版）.

作者簡介：

程瑜，女，本(ben)科(ke)，安科(ke)瑞電氣股份(fen)有限公司(si)，主(zhu)要研究中低壓綜合保護及(ji)絕緣(yuan)監測系統，