簡婷

安科瑞(rui)電氣(qi)股(gu)份有限公司 上海(hai)嘉定 201801

三次諧波的概念及不良影(ying)響(xiang)

       對(dui)(dui)周期性(xing)非正弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)進行傅里葉級數(shu)分(fen)解(jie)，可得到頻率為基波(bo)(bo)整(zheng)數(shu)倍(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，這(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)量(liang)(liang)(liang)被(bei)統(tong)(tong)稱為諧波(bo)(bo)。其(qi)中(zhong)，頻率為基波(bo)(bo)三倍(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)被(bei)稱為三次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)。在(zai)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高速發展下，民(min)眾(zhong)與社會對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求量(liang)(liang)(liang)與日(ri)俱增，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求也日(ri)漸提(ti)高。隨(sui)著種類豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備在(zai)民(min)眾(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣泛普及(ji)，其(qi)中(zhong)具(ju)有(you)非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)負(fu)荷特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備也使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)狀態出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了一(yi)些(xie)改變。在(zai)利(li)用(yong)傅里葉級數(shu)分(fen)解(jie)分(fen)析電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波(bo)(bo)形時，便(bian)會發現(xian)(xian)(xian) 50Hz、220V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)些(xie)150Hz交流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)，即(ji)頻率50Hz的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三倍(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“三次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)"。伴隨(sui)著科學技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛發展，非線(xian)(xian)性(xing)負(fu)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占比越來越多，其(qi)在(zai)工作(zuo)時三次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)占比較大(da)。這(zhe)種不(bu)良(liang)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象除了會增加整(zheng)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耗損，更會致使中(zhong)性(xing)線(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)負(fu)載變大(da)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性(xing)以(yi)及(ji)穩定性(xing)，甚至會引發一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)事(shi)故。另外三次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)發熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時引發安全(quan)事(shi)故；對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元器件日(ri)常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)和(he)運行產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)良(liang)影(ying)響，致使其(qi)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)錯誤操作(zuo)；嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)縮(suo)短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)設施使用(yong)壽命。三次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)不(bu)僅僅會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)諸多危害，更會對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)以(yi)及(ji)安全(quan)性(xing)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良(liang)影(ying)響，進而影(ying)響民(min)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)常生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)有(you)關活(huo)動(dong)、行為以(yi)及(ji)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)諧發展。所以(yi)，有(you)關部門應當采取(qu)合理措施，減少乃至避(bi)免三次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危害。

1、諧波治理整體解決方案

（1）有源電力(li)濾波器的工作原理(li)

       有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的工(gong)作原理如圖1所(suo)(suo)示，主要由負(fu)(fu)載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分離(li)、指令電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流調(diao)(diao)節(jie)、輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流控(kong)制、驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路以(yi)及主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路組(zu)成。它采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流型變(bian)(bian)(bian)流器(qi)(qi)(qi)，經連(lian)接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)接(jie)入系統，通過調(diao)(diao)整交(jiao)(jiao)流側逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的瞬時幅值與(yu)相(xiang)位，或直(zhi)接(jie)控(kong)制交(jiao)(jiao)流側輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使(shi)裝置發出(chu)(chu)或吸收(shou)寬頻(pin)譜無功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)。基于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子的有源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)裝置并(bing)聯于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)，相(xiang)當于(yu)一個可(ke)(ke)(ke)控(kong)的無功(gong)(gong)(gong)及諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流源(yuan)，其無功(gong)(gong)(gong)及諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)快(kuai)速地跟隨負(fu)(fu)荷(he)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的變(bian)(bian)(bian)化而變(bian)(bian)(bian)化，自動補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統所(suo)(suo)需無功(gong)(gong)(gong)及諧波(bo)(bo)，并(bing)且可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)實現(xian)從感性無功(gong)(gong)(gong)到容性無功(gong)(gong)(gong)的全范圍補(bu)償，同時對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓進行(xing)動態穩定調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。

圖1 有(you)源(yuan)電力濾波器工作原理圖

（2）有源(yuan)電力濾波(bo)器的(de)工作(zuo)原理

       有源電(dian)力濾波(bo)器采用(yong)模塊化插拔式設計，集三相不平衡治理、諧波(bo)抑制和(he)無功(gong)補償功(gong)能為(wei)一體，方便(bian)運(yun)維(wei)人員(yuan)安(an)裝拆卸(xie)，同(tong)時也(ye)方便(bian)將來用(yong)電(dian)負荷發生變(bian)化擴展(zhan)補償容(rong)量。

       該有源濾波(bo)裝置(zhi)主要特點(dian)有以下幾(ji)個方面：

       1）補(bu)償方(fang)式(shi)靈活：既(ji)可(ke)(ke)補(bu)諧(xie)波，又(you)可(ke)(ke)兼補(bu)無功，可(ke)(ke)對2-51次諧(xie)波進行全(quan)補(bu)償或特定(ding)次諧(xie)波進行補(bu)償，同時可(ke)(ke)治理三相(xiang)不平衡問題；

       2）線性補償(chang)，全響應時間(jian)≤5ms；

       3）具(ju)有人性化的(de)人機交互界面，可(ke)通過(guo)該界面看到系(xi)統和本體的(de)實時電能(neng)質量(liang)信息，操(cao)作簡單，可(ke)以遠控，也可(ke)以本控；

       4）采用(yong)DSP高(gao)速檢測(ce)和運算的數字控制系統和進口IGBT，功率密度大(da)，可靠(kao)性高(gao)；

       5）監控以(yi)及(ji)顯示具備遠程通訊接(jie)口，可以(yi)通過PC機(ji)實(shi)時監控；

       6）標準(zhun)模塊化(hua)設計，縮短(duan)交付周(zhou)期，同時提高了使用的可(ke)靠性和可(ke)維(wei)護性。

       有源電(dian)力(li)濾波器可(ke)(ke)采用壁(bi)掛和整(zheng)柜方式安裝，同時可(ke)(ke)實現集中和就地治(zhi)理，如圖2所示的(de)產品，給(gei)安裝、 維護及日后(hou)升級帶來了(le)便(bian)捷(jie)，提(ti)高了(le)整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)安裝效率(lv)。

圖(tu)2 有源電力濾波器產品示意圖(tu)

2、案例分析

（1）項目背景

       廣東(dong)某地鐵改造(zao)項目，系統(tong)中(zhong)負(fu)載主要(yao)為照明(ming)、空調、泵機類、電(dian)梯、信號電(dian)源、UPS等(deng)設(she)(she)(she)備，開關電(dian)源的啟(qi)動瞬(shun)間形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)流沖擊，和其它設(she)(she)(she)備在運行過程中(zhong)會對(dui)系統(tong)產(chan)生(sheng)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波電(dian)流污染。其諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波主要(yao)包括(kuo)3、5、7、9次；不進行合理(li)治理(li)，將對(dui)其他電(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)備產(chan)生(sheng)危害，如：大(da)量(liang)的3次諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波造(zao)成(cheng)中(zhong)線過熱甚至(zhi)發(fa)生(sheng)火災；大(da)量(liang)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)波造(zao)成(cheng)變壓(ya)器局部嚴(yan)重過熱；繼電(dian)保護發(fa)生(sheng)誤(wu)動作等(deng)。

（2）治理方案

       根據以往測(ce)量(liang)經驗進(jin)行(xing)諧波(bo)(bo)分析與估算，諧波(bo)(bo)主(zhu)要由UPS和(he)(he)一些(xie)非線性直流(liu)電(dian)源產生，該項目有(you)1#、2#兩個配(pei)電(dian)站(zhan)，1#配(pei)電(dian)站(zhan)有(you)2臺800kVA的(de)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)，2#配(pei)電(dian)站(zhan)有(you)2臺1000KVA的(de)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)，分別(bie)采用集中(zhong)(zhong)治(zhi)理方案，在(zai)每臺變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)加裝(zhuang)ANAPF系(xi)列有(you)源電(dian)力濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，由于安(an)裝(zhuang)空間有(you)限，選擇我司壁掛(gua)式有(you)源電(dian)力濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)行(xing)嵌(qian)入式安(an)裝(zhuang)，1#配(pei)電(dian)站(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)#1和(he)(he)#2變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)安(an)裝(zhuang)型號均為(wei)ANAPF75-380/BBL，2#配(pei)電(dian)站(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)#1和(he)(he)#2變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)安(an)裝(zhuang)均為(wei)2臺型號為(wei)ANAPF60-380/BBL的(de)有(you)源電(dian)力濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)并(bing)機使(shi)用，保障(zhang)了整個供電(dian)系(xi)統的(de)穩定性。

（3）治理效果

圖3 治理(li)之(zhi)前電(dian)流(liu)波形和(he)各次(ci)諧(xie)波電(dian)流(liu)畸變率

圖4 治(zhi)理之后電流波形和各次諧波電流畸變率

       治理(li)前電(dian)流(liu)(liu)波(bo)(bo)形發生畸(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)，三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)畸(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)率分別為10.8%、11.1%、12.5%；在加裝(zhuang)ANAPF系列有源電(dian)力濾波(bo)(bo)器后電(dian)流(liu)(liu)波(bo)(bo)形趨(qu)向正弦波(bo)(bo)，各次諧波(bo)(bo)得到抑制，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)畸(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)率明顯降(jiang)低，三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)畸(ji)(ji)變(bian)(bian)率降(jiang)至4.0%、4.1%、4.4%。

（4）安裝現場

3、結論

       本(ben)文主(zhu)要地(di)(di)(di)鐵負(fu)載電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量治理方案的(de)(de)相(xiang)關內容(rong)，通過(guo)對地(di)(di)(di)鐵電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量方面(mian)出現的(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題進行分析，并結合(he)電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量相(xiang)應測量數據，給出相(xiang)應的(de)(de)治理方案。后(hou)結合(he)廣(guang)東某(mou)地(di)(di)(di)鐵電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量改(gai)造(zao)項目案例，并通過(guo)現場實際應用證(zheng)明了濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器設備(bei)的(de)(de)實用性，驗(yan)證(zheng)了有源濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)器設備(bei)可(ke)快(kuai)速(su)地(di)(di)(di)治理無功及諧波(bo)(bo)電(dian)流(liu)，并且(qie)解決地(di)(di)(di)鐵用電(dian)負(fu)荷增長(chang)帶來的(de)(de)電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量惡化問(wen)(wen)題，對地(di)(di)(di)鐵電(dian)子設備(bei)、儀器儀表的(de)(de)計量和整體供電(dian)能(neng)力、安全運行及經濟(ji)效益(yi)具有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)意義。

參考文獻

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作者簡介：簡婷，女，本(ben)科，現任職于安科瑞電氣(qi)股份有(you)限公司，主要研究方向為有(you)源(yuan)電力濾波(bo)器、靜止無功(gong)發(fa)生器、中線安防保護器和混合動(dong)態(tai)濾波(bo)無功(gong)補償裝置(zhi)的應用(yong)與技術對接。